The Mental Health Profession, The Variability Of Symptoms...

In the mental health profession, the variability of symptoms has an impact on misdiagnosing clients, that can’t be overlooked. An example of how the variability of symptoms can lead to misdiagnosis is with the diagnosis of post-traumatic stress disorder after a traumatic brain injury. For example, memory gaps resulting from coma and post traumatic amnesia have the same characteristics Personality change, including impulsiveness, reduced insight, rigid thinking, reduced motivation, and impaired learning and concentration resulting from traumatic brain injury, may also cause some complaints to be mislabeled as PTSD symptom (Sumpter, Mcmillan, 2005). However, how a person processes information from life’s circumstances also varies. For example, there was a young lady I grew up with, that was being raised by her grandmother. She had the misfortune of her biological mother being a prostitute, and her biological father was a pimp. Personally, I don’t know how I wo uld process this information if this was my presenting problem. Nevertheless, the fact that she was our friend cause us to ignore the circumstances of her life; in her resilience, she went on to college after high school and is now happily married in a successful career, has children and grandchildren. The obvious questions I now have about her: was she receiving therapy as a child that helped her make since of this senseless situation she was born into? Did she have to receive any type of therapy in college? OrShow MoreRelatedI.Primary Diagnosis—Munchausen Syndrome By Proxy. 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Except as may be expressly provided by law and subject to the conditions prescribed in the Copyright Act 1968 (Commonwealth of Australia), or as expressly permitted below, no part of the work may in any form orRead MorePerceived Stress Levels and Stress Management Among Paramedical Students Lyceum of the Philippines University: Towards Stress Management Enhancement15005 Words   |  61 Pagesare no less serious. 2 Ramsey, Greenberg, and Hale (1999) surmised that the college experience may be the most stressful years in ones life. A needs assessment at the University of Maryland found that stress and tension was the second greatest health concern of college students following fitness. Very little research has been done to find out what college students are doing about these high levels of stress. An equally modest amount of research has been done to learn how effective are the techniquesRead MoreFemale Criminality11608 Words   |  46 Pages(Gross, 2009, pp. 84). As such, one can see a basic understanding of the mental differences between men and women that may lead women to have different reasons for committing crimes at an elevated rate, along with committing different crimes than their male counterparts. Elizabeth Cauffman notes in her research that female crime has been linked to chronic behavioral problems during childhood, drug and alcohol abuse, mental health problems and disorders s uch as emotional disturbance and depression, which

“The English” Text Analysis Free Essays

THE ENGLISH Text Analysis In process of analyzing the text ‘The English’ I found that there are six paragraphs and in each paragraph there are approximately four sentences. Vocabulary of this text is simple without difficult words like scientific terminology etc. , in addition it is also descriptive, so author describes how immigrants from overseas have settled in different parts of England and had formed their communities. We will write a custom essay sample on â€Å"The English† Text Analysis or any similar topic only for you Order Now Simple and descriptive vocabulary makes text more understandable to people. Author use in the text specialized vocabulary, lexical words in the text refer to geographical discipline (immigrants, north, east, west and south, London region etc. â€Å"The Greater London region is roughly a cicle, extending twenty to thirty miles from central London in the north and east, and thirty to forty miles in the west and south. †). Also in the text I found some compound words such as overseas and commonwealth. Text ‘The English’ consists of verbs, nouns and adverbs. Firstly I would like to consider the usage of nouns in this text. I think that author mostly used abstract nouns – language, accent, pride, dialects, behavior, life (An abstract noun means something that we cannot taste, touch, smell or see, for example â€Å"As the English are such a mixed people, local customs and accents in England vary a great deal and local pride is still strong in some parts of the country. )- all of them we can refer to moral qualities. I detected there few collective nouns- communities, cosmopolitan city, school, which means that author keep in mind group of people, a special class composed of members (â€Å"They still speak their own languages or dialects, but their children grow up speaking English exactly like the children with from they go to school. †) . Also there are proper names in the text, for example Ian Macdonald, Leonard, Herbert Perkins. Adjectives in the text are not frequent and mostly they refer to visual and evaluative attributes (â€Å"The Williams, The Macdonalds, The Townsends and Herbert Perkins have all made their homes in London which is now a great cosmopolitan city. † ; â€Å"Yet one of the strongest and more usual accents is to be found in the East End of London, the home of the cockneys. †) Author used restrictive adjective clause (â€Å"A cockney is very different from most people’s idea of a typical Englishman. ), so the adjective restricts the information and as we can see the restrictive element is not set off with commas. Also adjectives in this text are mostly gradable, for example â€Å"strong† and â€Å"different†, we can grade these adjectives like rather different, very different or extremely different, author used one of them in the sentence â€Å"A cockney is very different from most people’s idea of a typical Englishman. † . The author uses that kind of adjectives to show us big difference between cockney and typical Englishman, to transmit the idea of paragraph or of whole text. Author use adjectives mostly before noun (â€Å"As the English are such a mixed people, local customs and accents in England vary a great deal and local pride is still strong in some parts of the country. †) Verbs in this text, such as moved, has been added, made, settled, formed, speak and grow up, carry an important part of meaning. Without these verbs the person who read the text would be confused because of misunderstanding. Verbs in the text make a bit clear the main idea, verbs are dynamic (referring to actions, events), for example â€Å"Many immigrants from overseas have settled there and have formed their own communities. They still speak their own languages or dialects, but their children grow up speaking English exactly like the children with whom they go to school. † We can clearly see that verbs from the example refer to speech acts and movements. The adverbs are not frequent, I have found only eleven adverbs the text: since, still, only, always, exactly, less, roughly, far, rarely, really, more. (â€Å"The Greater London Region is roughly a circle, extending twenty to thirty miles from central London in the north and east, and thirty to forty miles in the west and south. ; â€Å"Some people travel to work in London from as far as eighty miles away. †) Adverbs ‘always’ and ‘rarely’ are the adverbs of frequency (â€Å"This is why Hampshire accents are now so rarely heard. †) ; ‘since’ the adverb of purpose, ‘really’ is the adverb of degree and ‘still’ the adverb of time (â€Å"They still speak their languages or dialects, but their children grow up speaking English†¦Ã¢â‚¬ )I have noted an interesting thing that the author did not use conjuncts such as ‘so’, ‘however’ and disjuncts like ‘obviously’, ‘frankly’. Maybe that’s why transition from one paragraph to other is so sharp and paragraphs are bad connected among themselves. Sentences on the whole have a simple structure (â€Å"Some people travel to work in London from as far as eighty miles away. †), but there are also complex sentences (â€Å"Not only have Welsh, Scottish, and Irish people made their homes in England, but also Jews, Russians, Germans – people from almost every country Europe – as well as many West Indians, Indians and others from the commonwealth. †). Author mostly uses declarative sentences with no commands and exclamations. Author did not use rhetorical questions and even usual questions, only statements, that’s why the main idea is weakly perceptible. The average sentence length is approximately 25 words. The sentences are mixed, that mean that there are different tenses in the text, for example present perfect continuous (â€Å"Since 1066 the blood of many other races has been added to the original English mixture. †), present simple (â€Å"Many people now live in south and south-east England and commute to their places of work in London. ), present perfect (â€Å"The Williams, The Macdonalds, The Townsends, and Herbert Perkins have all made their homes in London which is now a great cosmopolitan city. ) . What is more, I found an example of detached construction in the sentence (â€Å"Not only have Welsh, Scottish, and Irish people made their homes in England, but also Jews, Russians, Germans – people from almost every country in Europe – as well many West Indians, Indi ans, and others from the commonwealth. †) There are no modal verbs in the text. The author gives us objective information with positive qualities that mean that author provides information in this way to make a good impression on readers, like in this sentence (â€Å"London is the largest city in Europe after Paris, but it’s population has shrunk from 8 million in 1939 to less than 7 million in 1988. †), the main idea of the sentence is that population of London has shrunk, but author â€Å"leave† this information on the background and to make better inspiration about London as main information he wrote that London is the largest city in Europe after Paris, not that London in the second largest city in Europe after Paris. As I have already sad that the text has formal vocabulary and lexical words in the text refer to geographical discipline, but we cannot refer it to scientific texts because scientific text needs terminology, but there we cannot see terminology at all, so this is publicistic text which may appear in the newspapers and magazines. There is no addressing to the reader, no personal pronouns like ‘me’, ‘you’ etc. , no directives, no rhetorical questions, however there is impersonalization. All in all I think that the main idea of the text is that nowadays it is difficult to find a typical, pureblooded Englishman because the centuries ago the blood of other races has been added to the original English mixture. But in this text is very difficult to ‘catch’ the main idea because each paragraph has they own idea and paragraphs are bad connected among themselves, also because there are lack of rhetorical questions, lack of adverbs and adjectives and interactivity, all these would make the text vivid and more understandable. To prove this I took the last sentence from the 5th paragraph (â€Å"Some people travel to work in London from as far as eighty miles away. †) and the first sentence from the 6th (â€Å"This is why Hampshire accents are now so rarely heard†) as we can see there is no straight connection between the 5ht and the 6th paragraph. The main idea is developed trough the names of nationalities, trough the verbs ‘settled’, à ¢â‚¬Ëœmade’, ‘formed’ etc. trough the dates and statistician. I also noted that the topic ‘The English’ partly does not conforms to the text. The topic does not reflect the meaning of the text. The reader may think that text is about the pure Englishmen, about their habits and lifestyle but not about the immigrants who become to inhabit The British Isles few centuries ago and how their inhabitation affects nowadays situation. How to cite â€Å"The English† Text Analysis, Essay examples

Immigrant Youth in Canadian Culture free essay sample

What most people forget to look at is regardless of the reasons for coming to Canada it is hard to leave everything they have learned and adapt to a whole new culture fluidly. Children and youth especially struggle when they grow up with parents who are immigrants and then they have to integrate into the larger society. The children and youth live in a world where their home life is significantly different from the larger society. The purpose of this paper is to look at what are the impacts for immigrant youth integrating into Canadian culture. This paper will be focusing on some of the negative and positive aspects of integration into Canadian society due to dual sources of self-identity, language barriers, conflicts of values between home and peer life, educational gaps, mental health, what role gender plays, facing racism and bullying due to the unique differences and what are some things parents and Child and Youth Workers (CYW) can do to assist these youths. Most immigrants come from developing countries, which is non-western cultures. Many cultures reside in one place and every person brings something unique that is solely understandable to them. Each culture has traditions and brings a form of modernity into the western world and if there had been any education acquired in their country of origin it may not be recognized here in Canada (Halli Vedanand, 2007). Dual-Self Identity Canada is known as a multi-cultural country and there are many different types of people belonging to different cultures residing in one country with apposing and conflicting views, values, beliefs and traditions. As it would be for anyone who leaves their native land and moving to a foreign country, there can be culture shock and major adjustments that would need to be made. For children and youth these factors may be even more confusing due to the dual sources of self-identity, they must adopt in order to fit into their native culture and Canadian culture. Regardless of what age they may have left their home countries these children and youth live in a house with a set of rules which comes from their parent’s experiences from back home. The children and youth are then sent to schools in the Western society and this is where the conflict of self comes into play. Children are caught in the unique position of the parent’s influence of the culture of origin and the peers and schools way of the new society, they are caught between the conflict of the old world and the new world and this then embodies the culturela and self confusion (Montazer Wheaton, 2011). Just as the parents are trying to fit into the two worlds in their lives so must the children, they must create an identity that is independent respecting their culture of origin and their society of settlement (Charles, Stainton Marshall, Reference; Berry, Phinney, Sam, Vedder, 2006). When these children and youth are trying to acculturate (mix into the culture/society) there are four sectors of dimensions that they fall under when the individuals are seeking to express how they wish to acculturate. According to Berry et, al. , (2006) the four dimensions are Assimilation: there is little to no connection to their native culture and instead they wish to interact with the larger society, Separation: they wish to maintain their culture and so they avoid interactions with others, Marginalization: neither cultural interactions are sought, Integration: There is balance and involvement between both cultures. Integration is only possible when there is support from the family and peers around the children and youth. In the study conducted by Berry et, al. , (2006) they found that in instances where there was no discriminations and there was support these adolescents where able to use the integration approach in acculturating themselves into the larger society of settlement. As it is common for any child or youth the home is where they learn about who they are and what they do. Adam Ibrahim (2006) states that survival (sur-vivre) is the act in which we live our lives on the borderlines but also that it empowers the immigrant people of their hybrid status. â€Å"We live in a time of â€Å"universal subjecthood,† where identities and cultures are more than ever â€Å"elusive† (Yon as cited by Ibrahim), where sur-vivre—the act of displacement and of living in-between cultures, languages, landscapes, and borderlines—has become a second nature† (Ibrahim, p 43). Ibrahim speaks of few women whom he refers to as â€Å"she† and states that she was forced to flee her native country and that she finds herself torn between â€Å"here and now and there and memory† (2006, p 43). This is true for many a people who immigrate they cannot fully expel their previous memories nor can they completely ignore the current and present situations. This becomes difficult especially for adolescents and youth, because they are neither here nor there yet in both places at the same time. This is the tricky part of trying to adapt both cultures into one single bi-cultural and integration is never easy. These young people who immigrated to Canada has seen and remembers enough from their previous life to hold onto and yet their current life is also reminding them that they are elsewhere and is surrounded by new experiences that they can enjoy as well. When the past is warring with the present it is hard to recognize what the self is, when there is a struggle with the old self when trying to adapt it is difficult to understand how to adapt let and the self-identity is questioned. Conflicts of Values between Home life and Peer Life Language difference is the first conflict in intergenerational communication and over cultural values and religious beliefs. Immigrant parents need to be aware of the influence non-immigrant peers have in their children’s lives. Adolescent’s times are spent majority of the time at school and with peers, as it is known peers have quite a lot of influence on what we learn and how we behave. It is normal to want to fit into society but what parents should be aware is what kinds of peers are their children acquainting themselves with. The path in which the immigrant youth will fallow greatly depends on the interaction between the peer groups and the social support they receive from them (Vedder, Berry, Sabatier, Sam, 2008). The way to breech the gap of the intergenerational values is for the parents to put more effort into teaching their children about their culture because it is not being endorsed by the larger society. According to Chuang LeMonda (2009) adolescents often felt a disconnection with their parents while they themselves were trying to adjust into a new culture. Many immigrant youth feel torn between their desire to fit in with their peers and their desire to meet their parents’ expectations. Some families are more traditional and as they migrate to a new land they try to keep their values and cultural traditions. Intergenerational and intercultural conflict is a significant stressor in immigrant families that occurs because of differential acculturation between migrant parents and their children. Pressures on intergeneration relations in immigrant families appear from the faster cultural adjustment of children, as compared to their parents. Children often learn the official language faster than their parents due to the influence of schools and peers. Parent’s level of educations plays a role in how the adolescents feel about familial obligations because the parents are more lenient in their forms of discipline. The familial obligation lessens not only due to the influence of the greater society but also due to the proportion of life spent in the country of residence (Vedder et, al. , 2008). Conflicts arise between parents and their offspring due to the conflicting nature of both cultures. When the adolescents are being influenced by the western culture it is difficult for parents to grasp the fact that what they wish their child to do may not be the same thing they want to do. Immigrant children and youth claim new values, identities and language and as their parents may already be under a lot of financial, cultural and social pressure they cannot accept these dramatic shifts in their children and parental roles as well. Therefore the intergenerational conflicts cause more difficulties and differences in life of an immigrant family. Although the authors in the above mentioned part of this paper have stated that there are conflicts between parents and adolescents due to the conflict of the old and new world cultural clashes, Montazer and Wheaton (2011) are saying that there may be less conflict in the house hold of the immigrant family then that of the native born family because they share the same value and beliefs. They also say that it will more likely change with the second generation when the conflict of interest will be more noticeable. Not that Montazer Wheaton are disagreeing with the other authors they are saying that the first generation children and youth will get along better with the family then that of the generations that will fallow. Gender Roles In most instances gender did play a big role is how children and youth adapt to the larger society. Fathers often found it hard to discipline their children due to the fact that the Canadian society allowed the children to have more rights than they would have had in their country of origin. A young person, who has been given strict guidelines to follow before they moved to a western country, now has a voice and can stand up for themselves. Which is some cultures, especially the middle eastern cultures believe that speaking back or questioning the parents is a form of disrespect and deserve punishing or in some extreme cases (oustersized) of the offspring. Fathers also say that they have a hard time spending time with their children because they have to work two or more jobs to provide for the family. Chuang et, al. (2009) states that exposure discriminatory varied among girls and boys with boys perceiving it as them being targets for racism then girls. Among the Hmong people the females reported to using higher levels of alcohol as adults due to the conflicts with their parents where as the men had higher education and succeeded. In some cultures females are the caregivers and the males the breadwinners of the family. Such practices still exist and usually the adolescen t females are left to care for the younger siblings because the parents have to work. Mostly in traditional Middle Eastern countries young people, and particularly girls, have little influence in the family communication and decision making process. In addition as conflict increases between the generations over time as children get drawn into the larger society, language barriers get harder to deny and girls will face more challenges should they choose not to follow their parent’s origin of religious beliefs, values and cultural traditions. Many children and youth learn from their parents and in many households gender division has always been strongly established. Parents expect their kids to take care of them into their old age and usually the children will not move out of the house but instead live with their parents even after marriage. Many adolescent and Most of these traditional cultures only view two genders; either you are male or female. In the study that was done by Lee Pacini-Ketchabaw (2011) the girls who have a hand in raising their younger siblings act according to gender specifics. A few of the girls mention that when they handle their younger male siblings they are rougher and tries not to be too â€Å"girly† around them. Going back to the dual identity issues when there is a ender specific expectation it becomes impossible to talk to parents about gender queerness or being a part of the LGBQT. There is no room for anything other than the gender â€Å"norms† in certain cultures. LGBQT is of course only now in Canada being accepted and even that is slow in coming. Once again because of the conflicting views on sex uality and gender it becomes downright impossible for parents to accept such differences. Mental Health The Canadian Pediatric Society (1999) states that although immigrating to a foreign country is not easy by any means but it does not necessarily mean that mental health issues will arise. There are some factors that may be a potential such as the refugee status, family stress (death in the family), age of child is greater than 11, language barrier, disabilities, trauma, low socioeconomic status, and/or lack of support, (Canadian Paediatric Society, 1999). All the above mentions factors may be an influence in affecting the adolescent’s mental health but it does not necessarily be true in all cases. When a child’s social, intellectual and/or physical support is not provided to develop normally is called the psychosocial deprivation. This often is a result of the parent(s) work a lot and cannot keep up with the child’s energy. Mental health may affect immigrant youth who are living in poverty, â€Å"economic disadvantage also is linked with in-effective parenting, prenatal psychology interfamilial hostility, and single parent families† (Beiser, Hou, Hyman, Tousignant, 2002) and these can be independent factors in affecting the mental health. The study conducted by Beiser et,al. , (2002) show that although these factors may influence and impact mental health that was not the case for the immigrant youth used in the study. The immigrant youth who did live in poverty or single parent households enjoyed good mental health just as much as the Canadian born children. There are chances of developing mental health issues if there is violence in the home, there is no adequate support for the families, less involvement and low achievement in school, increased peer social involvement and exposure to more societal â€Å"norm† that will increase conflicts in the home (Montazer Wheaton, 2006). These are factors that will increase the likelihood of affecting mental health. Montazer Wheaton are saying that with each generation the conflicts will rise and with it the greater chances of acquiring mental health issues. CYW and Parents Support CYW and parents can be a great support to immigrant children and youth. Canadian Paediatric Society (1999) suggests that practitioners should try to support by being active in advocating for variety of health care promotions. These may include: (1) sensitizing family members through media; (2) develop cultural specific programs; (3) developing pamphlets and any other information in the language of origin (Canadian Paediatric Society, 1999). Also CYW’s can support the families by listening and researching what the culture is about and what they specific values and beliefs are in order to provide maximum support. It is easy to judge another culture based on the fact that they are doing everything opposite to what the Canadian culture’s laws and beliefs are. What these adolescents and families need understands. Once the CYW understands how and why the culture functions then and only then can they be able to develop appropriate interventions to aid in the smooth integration into the larger society. Child and youth workers can provide basic support groups by simply even referring the family to a good nutritionist. Many cultures that were not raised in the Western society often times have a different understanding of what nutritional values consists of in meals. For example in the Middle Eastern rice is the main preferred method of eating and fruits are not really considered into the equations and that may be partly due to the costs of buying them in their country of origin. Anthropologists Monaghan Just (2000) state that social identities and roles we have are finite and we tend to blame all our problems on â€Å"society† as if it were a separate entity; society is what we humans have created not something that exists on its own. In this case then, we must take the imitative to change the â€Å"society† that we are quick to point our fingers at which is easier said then done. As CYW it is our job to advocate for the minority groups and so we can go out into the communities and schools to bring awareness of what programs exists out there to aid the immigrant youths. Let us not forget that due to language barriers some of the existing programs may not even be known by the immigrant youth or their parents. My Thoughts As an immigrant person living in Canada there are indisputable facts relating to how one feels and acts in this culture while struggling to adapt in the larger society. Speaking from experience it is also hard to know one’s self when there is an internal struggle to fit into not just one culture but at times both cultures. Living in Canada as a bi-cultural person can have its ups and downs regardless of how educated or wealthy a person is. There are times when one must choose to adapt both cultures and make a choice to create and forge a unique person in life to fit into the both worlds and yet neither of the worlds. It can be extremely difficult not to mentions tiring when sometimes it feels as if regardless of everything that has been done to create one’s self you simply cannot fit into both cultures at all. When speaking in the native tongue sometimes there is a pronounced accent and when speaking in English there is also a pronounced accent at times. As hard as it may be to easily fallow both cultures often time’s children and youth are pressured into choosing either their native cultural ways of living of the larger societal ways. Being able to embrace the both cultures is scary and confusing especially when the values, beliefs, traditions contradict, but it is possible to take bits and pieces of both cultures and making it work to fit the moral, social, emotional, mental needs of the individual so they will be able to live in both worlds. Children and youth have to face numerous amounts of struggles when immigrating to a foreign country. There is so much potential immigrant youth have that are sometimes not supported enough or realized for it to flourish. Many youths have great potential and yet due to constant bullying and discrimination fall through the cracks and get into things such as drugs, gangs, and they steal and fight. With the right types of interventions they could have gotten out of that sort of life style but instead they slipped through. The struggles to get by day after day after day can be very tiring especially for youth who just want to belong to a group. They are already struggling with their identity and to add social alienation on top of that is just disaster waiting to happen. Racism is never a pleasant experience especially when a child is walking down the street and someone throws trash at them and yells obscenities at them. They cannot even walk down the street without someone calling out derogatory names at them. Hearing and seeing such negativity can be heart breaking but also cause mistrust, withdrawal and it can have lasting long terms effects. Some things no matter how far away a person goes will always stay with them, this especially true for children. What they see and hear stays with them as they grown up and if all they face are insults and decimations for the way they look, speak, walk or dress then eventually all these things that is uniquely them just becomes something to hate and dislike. It may take a long time to get over such experiences and as we know children are very resilient but it takes time before things become more stable. Children who have been bullied and discriminated against can possibly act out as adolescents because they do not trust anyone else to not hurt them eventually. As adolescents they may start acting out, misbehaving, hanging out with the wrong crowd or even criminal behaviors. All this can be avoided if they get the right support and have an easy transitioning period. Conclusion In conclusion immigrant youth are impacted by their attempt to integrate into the Canadian culture but at the same time it is not an impossible life style. They merely need the understanding, support and care in order to transition into the foreign culture. They need to develop their identity and simply belong. Battling with dual-identity, with parents and peer life, language barriers, bullying and discrimination all combined with the culture shock and adapting can be very difficult. CYW and parents can be a great support in helping make the transition smooth. There are many factors that may be a hindrance and create issues for the immigrant youth but they are not all impossible situations and can readily and easily be overcome. With the right support at the right time can be detrimental in making significant differences in immigrant population.

Jean Watson free essay sample

As a nurse it is imperative to integrate the psychosocial of a critically ill patient and their family into care. One not only cares for the patient’s physical health, they care for all the components that makes up the patients entity. Sick patients face many obstacles. During the different phases of illness the nurse must alter care to accommodate the patients and family’s needs. Ones acceptance to the various stages can be facilitated and expressed through the Jean Watsons Philosophy, and Transpersonal Caring Theory. Jean Watsons Theory of Caring has become essential in nursing. Caring is at the core of nursing and is vital in providing positive patient outcomes. Watson’s theory is based upon human caring relationships and experiences in human life. She acknowledges a caring relationship and caring environment preserve human dignity, wholeness, and integrity and to restore the person’s harmony it is the nurse’s responsibility to assist an individual to establish meaning in illness and suffering (Cara, 2008). We will write a custom essay sample on Jean Watson or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Nurses have a responsibility to evaluate the patient’s physical, mental, and emotional well- being. Jean Watsons Theory was derived in 1979 and revised in 1985 and 1988. The majority of her revisions were made to her carative factors, in which she believes is the concept for the core of nursing (Cara, 2008). According to Suliman, Welman, Omer and Thomas, (2009), Watsons theory suggest that â€Å"Caring is a different way of being human, present, attentive, conscious, and intentional. Nursing is centered on helping the patient achieve a higher degree of harmony within mind, body, and soul, and this harmony is achieved through caring transactions involving a transpersonal caring relationship (Cara, 2008). Human caring entails the humanitarian science of offering professional services to a needy human. This is based on the consideration that professional nursing services entail experience, knowledge, morals and empathy. Chesney and Anderson (2008) showed that Wilson’s Caring theory is derived from a moral and ethical foundation. The caregiver combines science, humanities, spirituality in enhancing the mind-body-spirit of healing. Watson’s theory is based on the notion that nurses should not rely on the practical aspects of nursing alone. One must encompass the physiological component of healing into ones practice. Instead, a willing nurse should interact with the patient on a personal level while executing ones nursing duties. (Watson, 2011). As a nurse on medical surgical unit I encounter on a consistent basis patients with varied illnesses. Many of the patients have complex needs. On this day, an 89 year old male presented to the emergency department with a chief complaint of fever for one day. The patient is alert but nonverbal. He is able to follow simple commands. The daughter and grandson serve as the patient’s historian. The family gives an accurate account of the patient’s extensive medical history, which include: Parkinson’s, congestive heart failure, colon cancer, diabetes type I, aortic stenosis, dysphagia and frequent urinary tract infections. The daughter quickly verbalizes her frustration to the staff over the many questions. She demands the staff look into the computer for her father’s history. He has been admitted to the same hospital seven times over the last six months. The family appears exhausted. They are snappy and demeaning towards the staff. At one point the daughter refuses a physical assessment for her father. She states â€Å"He’s tired. That’s enough† As the primary nurse I offer the daughter a chair and a cup of coffee. She graciously accepts the beverage and takes a seat. She looks up and states â€Å"I’m so tired. I can’t do this anymore. He is here every week. What am I doing wrong? â€Å" I sit down beside her and reassure her that she has done nothing wrong. She looks up and says nothing. I continue to explain that her father is very sick and needs more attention than before. She agrees but still appears overwhelmed. We continue to speak for over thirty minutes. She confesses to leaving her job to take care of her increasingly ill father. She has now been caring for him for the last eight months, without help. She only qualifies for an aide for six hours a day, which would not allow her to work full time. She is now financially drained. Upon arrival the next morning I discuss the scenario with the social worker and case manager. Later that evening a family meeting is arranged. Although slightly reluctant the daughter agrees to allow her father to be placed in a rehabilitation center. She knows she can no longer care for him at home anymore. She is willing to do what is best for him. The staff reassures her that she is not giving up, but rather doing what is right for her father and herself. In the above scenario I applied the Jean Watson theory in providing care to the critically ill patient and the family. My treatment went beyond the technical aspect of nursing care. It ventured into the psychosocial, emotional, as well as spiritual role of the nurse. The patient’s daughter needed emotional support and guidance. She was overwhelmed, therefore was not able to function to her full capacity, hindering her father’s care. In order to provide a safe and healthy environment for the patient upon discharge the care-giver responsibilities needed to be re-evaluated. The care provided during the patient’s length of stay was not limited to the patient, but to all involved in the patients care. Watson’s theory helps incorporate ones underlying strengths to assist in practice. It allows the healing environment to encompass the patient, family and all other components that are involved in returning the patient to an optimum level of health.

Channel Distribution Essay Example

Channel Distribution Essay Example Channel Distribution Essay Channel Distribution Essay 272 LESSON-18 CHANNELS OF DISTRIBUTION Dr Subhanjali Chopra STRUCTURE 18. 0 Introduction 18. 1 Objectives 18. 2 Meaning of Channels of Distribution 18. 3 Kinds of Distribution Channels 18. 4 Choice of Channel of Distribution 18. 5 Summary 18. 6 Glossary 18. 7 Self Assessment Questions 18. 8 Further Readings 18. 0 INTRODUCTION Distribution of products constitutes an important element of marketing mix of a firm. After development of the product, the entrepreneur has to decide channels or routes through which the product will flow from the factory to the potential customers. He has a number of alternatives available to him. The entrepreneur may choose to distribute the product directly to customers without using any intermediaries. Alternatively, he may use one or more middlemen including wholesalers, selling agents, and retailers. Big firms have their zonal or regional authorized agents or dealers spread over the entire country. The dealers, in turn, work with distributors and retailers. On the other hand, small firms cannot afford to have zonal offices, but are devising their own ways of doing business. They also receive regular orders for goods. Entry may be difficult for the small firms. It has been observed that many authorized dealers of known brands also stock other unknown or new brands of goods. They also insist on the customer buying the lesserknown brand because of higher margin of profit. The small entrepreneur, with fewer overheads and low labour costs along with better planning and management, may be able to earn good profits. 18. 1 OBJECTIVES After reading this chapter, you should be able to: Explain the meaning of channels of distribution. Describe various kinds of distribution channels. Enumerate the factors affecting choice of a distribution channel. Describe various types of middlemen. 273 18. 2 MEANING OF CHANNELS OF DISTRIBUTION A channel of distribution or trade channel is the path or route along which goods move from producers to ultimate consumers. It is a distribution network through which a producer puts his products in the hands of actual users. A trade or marketing channel consists of the producer , consumers or users and the various middlemen who intervene between the two. The channel serves as a connecting link between the producer and consumers. By bridging the gap between the point of production and the point of consumption, a channel creates time, place and possession utilities. A channel of distribution represents three types of flows: a. Goods flow from producer to consumers; b. Cash flow from consumers to producer as payment for goods; and c. Marketing information flows in both directions, from producers to consumers in the form of information on new products, new uses of existing products, etc. The flow of information from consumers to producers is the feedback of the wants, suggestions, complaints, etc. 18. KINDS OF DISTRIBUTION CHANNELS Every small-scale entrepreneur requires a channel that can distribute his product to the right customers at the right time and at the right cost. It consists of all the middlemen which participate in the distribution of goods and which serve as a link between the manufacturer and the consumer. Producer Consumer Producer Retailer Consumer Producer Wholesaler Retailer Consumer Channels of Distribution A brief explanation of different channels of distribution is given below: 1. Manufacturer  Customer: This is also known as direct selling because no middlemen are involved. A producer may sell directly through his own retail stores, for example, Bata. This is the simplest and the shortest channel. It is fast and economical. Small producers and producers of perishable commodities also sell directly to the local consumers. Big firms adopt direct selling in order to cut distribution cost and because 274 they have sufficient facilities to sell directly to the consumers. The producer or the entrepreneur himself performs all the marketing activities. 2. Manufacturer  Retailer  Customer: This is one stage distribution channel having one middleman, i. . , retailer. In this channel, the producer sells to big retailers like departmental stores and chain stores who in turn sell to customer. This channel is very popular in the distribution of consumer durables such as refrigerators, T V sets, washing machines, typewriters, etc. This channel of distribution is very popular these days because of emergence of departmental stores, super markets and other big retail s tores. The retailers purchase in large quantities from the producer and perform certain marketing activities in order to sell the product to the ultimate consumers. . Manufacturer  Wholesaler  Retailer  Customer: This is the traditional channel of distribution. There are two middlemen in this channel of distribution, namely, wholesaler and retailer. This channel is most suitable for the products with widely scattered market. It is used in the distribution of consumer products like groceries, drugs, cosmetics, etc. It is quite suitable for small scale producers whose product line is narrow and who require the expert services and promotional support of wholesalers. 18. 4 CHOICE OF CHANNEL OF DISTRIBUTION While selecting a distribution channel, the entrepreneur should compare the costs, sales volume and profits expected from alternative channels of distribution. In order to select the right channel for distributing his product, a small-scale manufacturer should keep in mind the following considerations1: 1. Market Considerations: The nature of the market is a key factor influencing the choice of channels of distribution. The following features of the market should be considered to determine the channels: a. Consumer or industrial market: If the product is meant for industrial users, the channel of distribution will be a short one. This is because industrial users buy in a large quantity and the producer can easily establish a direct contact with them. But in case for goods meant for consumers, retailers may have to be included in the channels of distribution. b. Number and location of buyers: When the number of potential customers is small or the market is geographically located in a limited area, direct selling is easy and economical. In case of large number of customers, use of wholesalers and retailers becomes necessary. c. Size of order: Direct selling is convenient and economical where customers place order in big lots as in case of industrial goods. But where the product is sold in small quantities, middlemen are used to distribute such products. A manufacturer may use different channels for different types of buyers. He may sell directly to big retail stores and may use wholesalers to sell to small retailers. d. Customers buying habits: The customer buying habits like the time he is willing to spend, the desire for credit, the preference of personal attention and one stop shopping significantly affect the choice of distribution channels. 1 Singh and Chhabra, C. B. Gupta 275 2. Product Considerations: The type and nature of the product influence the number and type of middlemen to be chosen for distributing the product. The important factors with respect to the product are as follows: a. Unit value: Products of low unit value and common use are generally sold through middlemen, as they cannot bear the cost of direct selling. On the other hand, expensive consumer goods and industrial products are sold directly by the producers. b. Perishability: Perishable products like vegetables, fruits and bakery items have relatively short channels, as they cannot withstand repeated handling. Goods, which are subject to frequent changes in fashion and style, are generally distributed through short channels, as the producer has to maintain close and continuous touch with the market. c. Bulk and weight: Heavy and bulky products are distributed directly to minimize handling costs. Coal, bricks, stones, etc. , are some examples. d. Standardisation: Custom-made and non-standardised products usually pass through short channels due to the need for direct contact between the producer and the consumers. Standardized and mass-made goods can be distributed through middlemen. . Technical nature: Industrial products requiring demonstration, installation and aftersale service are often sold directly. The consumer products of technical nature are generally sold through retailers. f. Product line: An entrepreneur producing a wide range of products may find it economical to set up its own retail outlets. On the other hand, firms with one or two products find it profitable to distribute th rough wholesalers and retailers. g. Age of the product: A new product needs greater promotional effort and few middlemen may like to handle it. As the product gains acceptance in the market, more middlemen may be employed for its distribution. 3. Middlemen Considerations: The cost and efficiency of distribution depend largely upon the nature and type of middlemen as given in the following factors: a. Availability: When middlemen as desired are not available, an entrepreneur may have to establish his own distribution network. Non-availability of middlemen may arise when they are handling competitive products, as they do not like to handle more brands. b. Attitudes: Middlemen who do not like a firm’s marketing policies may refuse to handle its products. For instance, some wholesalers and retailers demand sole selling rights or a guarantee against fall in prices. c. Services: Use of those middlemen is profitable who provide financing, storage, promotion and aftersale services. d. Sale Potential: An entrepreneur generally prefers a dealer who offers the greatest potential volume of sales. e. Costs: Choice of a channel should be made after comparing the costs of distribution through alternative channels. After deciding the number of middlemen, an entrepreneur has to select the particular dealers through whom he will distribute his products. While selecting a particular wholesaler or retailer, the following factors should be taken into consideration: a. Location of dealer’s business premises; b. Financial position and credit standing of the dealer; c. Knowledge and experience of the dealer; d. Storage and showroom facilities of the dealer; 276 e. Ability of the dealer to secure adequate business and to cover the market; f. Capacity of the dealer to provide aftersale service; g. General reputation of the dealer and his sales force; h. Willingness of the dealer to handle the entrepreneur’s products; i. Degree of co-operation and promotion service he is willing to provide; j. Nature of other products, if any handled by the dealer. Activity Please suggest a suitable channel of distribution for Mr. Amit Sood†s firm. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚ ¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ â⠂¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 18. 5 SUMMARY In a vast and densely populated country like India one needs an effective distribution system that provides market coverage and is economical. The choice of a channel depends upon the nature of the product e. g. for low priced consumer products like soap a vast network is needed but for industrial goods a direct channel or a very short channel might be appropriate. The nature of the product- whether it is bulky or perishable for instance as well as the cost and efficiency of the distributors are some other factors that have to be kept in mind while selecting a channel. 18. 6 GLOSSARY 1. Wholesaling: All activities involved in selling goods or services to those buying for resale or business use. 2. Retailing: All activities involved in selling goods or services directly to final consumer. 3. Zero Stage Channel: When goods are supplied directly by producer to consumer without any intermediaries. 4. Specialty Store: A retail store that carries a narrow production line with a deep assortment within that line. 277 18. 7 SELF ASSESSMENT QUESTIONS 1. What do you mean by channels of distribution? 2. Discuss the different channels available to an entrepreneur for the distribution of products to the consumers. . What factors will you take into account while selecting a suitable channel of distribution? 18. 8 FURTHER READINGS 1. Gupta, C. B. and Khanka, S. S. , Entrepreneurship and Small Business Management, Sultan Chand and Sons, 2003. 2. Taneja, Satish and Gupta S. L. , Entrepreneur Development: New Venture Creation, Galgotia Publishing Company, 2001. 3. Gupta, C. B. , Busin ess Organization and Management, Sultan Chand and Sons, Latest Edition. 4. Singh, B. P. and Chhabra, T. N. , Modern Business Organisation, Kitab Mahal, Latest Edition.

5 Unique Questions to Ask in a Job Interview

5 Unique Questions to Ask in a Job Interview We all know the line we’re supposed to work into the â€Å"Do you have any questions for us?† section of the interview. Typically, we take a deep breath and ask our interviewer to talk us through a typical day in that particular office so that we can get a idea of the workplace culture. It’s a great question. But everyone is asking it, pretty much verbatim. Here are five alternative versions that will help distinguish you from your fellow interviewees, and will also be a refreshing way to get the same answers from your interviewer.1. â€Å"What do you feel prepared you most for this job?†It’s sort of a backwards way in, but you’ll find your interviewer will end up emphasizing the parts of her background that were most useful for acclimating to that particular environment. You’ll get a sense of the size and scope and daily feel of the company from which of her skills were the most appropriate preparation for the job.2. â€Å"What makes this [company] special?†No matter what kind of company it is, asking how it distinguishes itself from others in the field can be very revealing. If it’s all about hard numbers and results, that will tell you one thing. If it emphasizes personal relationships and loyalty, that’ll tell you something else.3. â€Å"Why are you excited about filling this position?†This might be the best way of discovering your boss’s goals and whether your vision of the job aligns with their vision of the job, or the particulars of what you’d be doing day to day.4. â€Å"How do your company’s values affect your work on any given day?†Probably best to do a bit of homework first and have a specific value in mind when you ask this one. One that company has been explicit about in its marketing materials or in the job listing. It’s a good way of showing off your thorough preparations for the interview, and also making sure the company is really do ing what they say they care most about.5. â€Å"How would you describe the leadership style here?†This is probably the best way of finding out if you’re going to be walking into a nest of micromanagers, without the stigma of actually asking that outright. And it’s a great way to see whether your working style will jive with your boss’s working style.

Describe the differences (and any similarities) involved in the Assignment

Describe the differences (and any similarities) involved in the following contracts - Assignment Example In this case the contract can be said to be implied because no prior arrangements were made to make agreements but it is implied that the owner of the vehicle will pay for the parking service provided. Boilerplate or bank card holders’ agreements are standard form contracts by virtual of bearing the characteristics of standard form contracts. For this reason, boiler plates are standard form contracts because like many other standard form contracts such as insurance contracts the cellular provider has total authority over the contract with the subscribers that they can either take it or leave it and often contain fine detail details that form part of the contract terms (â€Å"Types of contracts† n.d.). Similarly, the bank has total control in its contract with the credit card account holders. They can either choose to agree to the terms and conditions or forfeit owning the cards altogether (â€Å"Types of contracts† n.d.). This is an implied or verbal contract. As demonstrated in the contract, the benefit of having the order taken by the waiter is enjoyed but it cannot be considered as a gift because it will have to be paid for implying a consideration has been given. Therefore, given a contract is formed and there is no written evidence or terms for service, the contract is implied or verbal because the order is orally made (â€Å"Types of contracts† n.d.). A formal contract is a written agreement, which follows the prescribed format and incorporates standardized conditions and provisions in its body, therefore making it legally enforceable. This kind of contract could mainly be a contract under seal where the seal is a symbol of total acceptance of its legal effect and consequences by the parties involved (Gale, 2007). The contract can also be regarded as a period contract since it is valid for a given duration of time as agreed by the involved parties (â€Å"Types of contracts† n.d.). Contracts B and D are contracts which must be in writing and are

The theme of the short story Young Goodman Brown by Nathaniel Essay

The theme of the short story Young Goodman Brown by Nathaniel Hawthorne - Essay Example Usually, this kind of negative response did have a deadly result on the disrespected woman. It has been noted that the stories that were penned down before 1842 had a female character that was destroyed only by accident and not by intention alone. The story has shown the transformation of a man from his normal state to that of an abnormal one where he abandoned meeting with anyone and then in the end coming back to his life and restoring normal relationships with all that were important to him and more than that, his wife. A number of authors have made note of the fact that Browns departure from faith and reliance was not an act on purpose since Brown actually planned on returning to her after the forest trip. But there is a belief that the very act of the man leaving the woman shows the males indifference to the security related with their females. Thus it is viewed as the women are in reality viewed as somewhat a kind of sexual beings and men as sexually frozen pieces. The mans lack of sexual desire is what has been truly killing the woman of late and it basically allows for the man to continue living in a hollow life. This is true that this does not necessarily mean the real nature of women but about the way in which men imagine of them. Hawthornes men are obsessed with females but the only way they can make any connection with women is through fantasy or by performing some fantasy-related activities that are not considered appropriate by the female populace. The family ties play a huge role here as husband and wife are considered as the two wheels of a car, the car being the home in this point. These two have to gel together emotionally as well as physically in order to make their individual lives easy and the people who are attached with them within the household. Family ties definitely help the Young Goodman Brown as the writer has suggested that in the long run, it is the family which plays its due

The Importance of Reading Essay Example for Free

The Importance of Reading Essay When there were no televisions or computers, reading was a primary leisure activity. People would spend hours reading books and travel to lands far away-in their minds. With time, people have lost their skill and passion to read. There are many other exciting and thrilling options available, aside from books. And that is a shame because reading offers a productive approach to improving vocabulary and word power. It is advisable to indulge in at least half an hour of reading a day to keep abreast of the various styles of writing and new vocabulary. Children who love reading have comparatively higher IQs. They are more creative and do better in school and college. Parents have to inculcate the importance of reading to their children in the early years. Reading helps in developing vocabulary and reading aloud helps to build a strong emotional bond between parents and children. The children who start reading from an early age have good language skills, and they grasp the variances in phonics much better. Reading helps in mental development and stimulates the muscles of the eyes. Reading involves greater levels of concentration and adds to the conversational skills of the reader. It is an indulgence that enhances the knowledge acquired, consistently. The habit of reading also helps readers to decipher new words and phrases that they come across in everyday conversations. The habit can become a healthy addiction and adds to the information available on various topics. It helps us to stay in-touch with contemporary writers as well as those from the days of yore and makes us sensitive to global issues. It is therefore essential to cultivate the habit of reading from an early age for self – development.

Essay --

Prison Term Policy Recommendation-Proposal John Brown CJA/314 February 9, 2014 Instructor: Dave Hart Prison Term Policy Recommendation-Proposal The adherents of the state legislature have employed me, a criminologist consultant to work for the state fulfilling a new bill on doubling up maximum prison term for everybody found guilty of armed burglary. As a criminologist consultant, I have been selected to offer the state legislature with a penitentiary term strategy on armed burglary. Soon, the state legislature will be polling on the new bill. The new bill is to decide if the new penitentiary term policy ought to affect everybody acquitted of an armed burglary crime to be given a double maximum prison term. As a criminologist consultant, I will study and give good feedback if I have confidence that the new bill in place will do any good. The bill for the maximum penitentiary prison term is common amongst the individuals on the state legislature board. Though, the bill is common amongst the board members, the manager employs you to study the circumstances for the reason that he wonders if the new bill will be to the benefit o f rehabilitation to the violator and to civilization. Included will be a reference and the motives as to why the good words were chosen. Contained within in my paper, I will define the following word, penitentiary term policy, burglary, and armed burglary so clearing up can be achieved. The penitentiary term policy will decide if a policy would continue to be the same or if alterations ought to be applied in some kind of way. The course of action will have one to two recommendations, along with declaring why the prior obsolete strategy wasn’t keeping individuals from committing the same wrongdoing ag... ...ined much more severely than the times beforehand. According to the criminologist, the penalty which a violator committed ought to be bigger than the wrongdoing which was committed. The following recommendation for the penitentiary term policy for an individual who has committed armed burglary is as follow: Every individual is a recurrence violator of an armed burglary will do a full prison term of 10 to 20 years. Along, with the 10 to 20 years, an additional 10 to 15 years of probation will be added. The violator will be accountable for paying a re-establishment fee, doubling up the harshness of the harm done plus the violator will have to take a monthly drug test to ensure they are clean. References http://criminal.laws.com/robbery/armed-robbery/armed-robbery-sentencing-and-punishment http://www.wklaw.com/areas-robbery-sentencing-punishment.html

Dysfunctional Families

Dysfunctional families are common to both the world of Great Expectations, by Charles Dickens and The Glass Menagerie, by Tennessee Williams. A family is a basic social unit consisting of more than one human being. Functional families co-operate with one another to sustain a happy and nurturing home life that is comforting and a pleasure to be in. Members of a functional family genuinely care for one another’s safety and wellbeing. A dysfunctional family is the opposite of a functional family. In Great Expectations there are two dysfunctional families, Joe Gardgery’s family – including Miss Joe, Pip and Joe himself; and Miss Havershams family, which consists of her and her adopted daughter, Estella. Technically, the escaped convict, known as Magwitch, his wife and daughter could be considered as dysfunctional too. Their family is not as predominant as the other two families. In The Glass Menagerie, Tom, Laura, Amanda and Amanda’s absent husband are also a dysfunctional family. Family is important to the main characters in each of these texts, as it is the source of their values, morals and beliefs. Tom Wingfield, from The Glass Menagerie, is a young man who wants to explore the world and go on breathtaking adventures. His father left his mother, Amanda, for this reason when Tom was a young boy. Tom has been the man of the house ever since. The Glass Menagerie is set in St Louis, USA, in a time where women did not have much power in men’s business. Amanda has a job selling magazines over the phone, which does not earn her enough money for the family to live off. Tom, therefore, works in a shoe factory, which is not the most exciting job in the world, and this is the main source of income for the family. Laura Wingfield is Tom’s older sister – she is 26, crippled and lives in her own world full of tiny fragile glass animals, along with an old victrola. Laura is the main source of conflict for the family because she aimlessly wanders through life with no purpose. During Tom’s time at home, there are many conflicts between him and his mother. This affects Tom, as he works long hours in the warehouse doing the same thing everyday. He then comes home to a mother who is constantly telling him what to and what no to do, as well as a sister who isn’t pulling her own weight. Amanda often criticises Tom’s behaviour. In the first scene nearly everything Amanda says to Tom is a command – for example, such as â€Å"Don’t push with your fingers, chew chew! †¦ Human beings are supposed to chew†, â€Å"You’re not excused from the table† and â€Å"You smoke too much†. These constant commands from Amanda’s point of view are caring, however, Tom only thinks of them as her trying to control his every move; he is at the end of his wick. In Scene Three, Tom lets Amanda know once and for all what he thinks of the situation. Amanda: â€Å"What right do you have to jeopardize your job? Jeopardize the security of us all? How do you think we’d manage if you were†¦Ã¢â‚¬ . Tom interrupts: â€Å"I’d rather somebody battered my brains out than go back (the warehouse) every morning †¦ and you say self is all I think of. Why, listen, if self is what I thought of, Mother, I’d be where he is (points to father’s portrait) – GONE! † In the end it is all too much for Tom and he leaves his helpless sister and commanding mother. He ventures off into the world; like father like son! Belonging to a dysfunctional family has deeply affected Tom and has eventually made him leave. Laura Wingfield, from The Glass Menagerie, is shy, unconfident, crippled and she often withdraws from reality. This is because she belongs to a dysfunctional family. Her mother has tried to help her by sending her to business school and finding her a gentlemen caller. Unfortunately, these are not Laura’s visions for herself, they’re Amanda’s. Although Amanda truly loves Laura, she cannot see that her bossy and overpowering personality is making Laura withdraw herself from reality even further. Laura stopped going to business school because it made her sick and she didn’t tell her mother, as she knew it would upset her. A mature young adult, firstly, would not become unwell because they attended a business school; secondly, they would tell their mother they didn’t want to attend the school anymore, and quit. Laura, on the other hand, pretends for weeks that she still attends the school; leaving and arriving home when appropriate, to make her mother believe she is still attending the school. When Amanda finally finds out Laura stopped going because it made her a little unwell, it broke her heart. Amanda: â€Å"So what are we going to do the rest of our lives? †¦ Amuse ourselves with the glass menagerie, darling? Eternally play those worn-out phonograph records your father left as a painful reminder of him? † Laura’s response to this painful truth is silence and the twisting of her hands – hopeless! With her mother and brother constantly bickering, she doesn’t seem to get the chance to speak her thoughts and feelings. Her mother tells her what she is going to do with her life, and because she loves her mother, she just does as she is told. Over time this has affected Laura; it is the reason she lost her personality and become a ghost-like figure living in a world of glass animals! Most of the time Laura doesn’t have her own thoughts, this is another side effect of having a dysfunctional family. One night her mother asks her to stop washing the dishes and to come outside and adore the moon Amanda: â€Å"†¦ Laura, come here and make a wish on the moon! †¦ Look over your left shoulder, Laura, and make a wish! (Laura looks faintly puzzled as if called out of sleep. Amanda seizes her shoulders and turns her at an angle by the door) Now, now, darling, wish! Laura: What should I wish for, Mother? † Here the moon is a symbol of hope. Amanda has found the moon because she has found hope; hope that her children will be okay in this cruel world. Laura can’t find the moon; her mother has to point it out to her and physically move her so she can see it. This is symbolic of the fact that there is no hope for Laura as she can’t and won’t help herself in this life. As Tom says â€Å"She lives in a world of her own – a world of – little glass ornaments, Mother †¦ She plays old phonograph records and – that’s about all†. Amanda has to tell Laura what to wish for – a grown woman being told what to wish for! This shows us how feeble and unsure Laura is of her actions. It is yet another problem Laura has developed because she is a part of a dysfunctional family. Pip, Joe Gargery and Mrs Joe Gargery are a dysfunctional family from the novel, Great Expectations, by Charles Dickens. The first half of the novel is set in England, in the country, a place of innocence. The second half is set in the sinful and backstabbing streets of grotty old London. Pip is an orphan; his parents and five of his other siblings died when he was very little. His older sister and her husband (Mr and Mrs Joe Gargery) adopted Pip (who says): â€Å"My Sister †¦ had established a great reputation with herself and the neighbourhood because she had brought me up ‘by hand. ’ †¦ Knowing her to have a hard and heavy hand, and to be much in the habit of laying it upon her husband as well as upon me. I supposed that Joe Gargery and I were both brought up by hand. † Pip tells the reader that his older sister often hit him and Joe. This of course was never done when a neighbour was in earshot ecause, as Pip said, the villagers respected her because she brought him up â€Å"by hand†. She also never did or said anything nice to him; he can remember this from a young age. â€Å"My sister’s bringing up had made me sensitive. †¦ I had known, from the time when I could speak, that my sister, in her capricious and violent coercion, was unjust to me. † She spoke harshly to him, hit him with the â€Å"ti ckler† (which was a stick used only for beating up Pip and Joe) and force-fed him tar water (a very nasty medicine) to serve as punishments, for acts that did not deserve punishment. Because of this, he is often unsure of his actions and easily persuaded to think and do things that, deep down, he may not feel are right. This is similar to Laura, from The Glass Menagerie. Unfortunately Laura didn’t have a caring, patient and extremely loving blacksmith in her life, unlike Pip, who has Joe. If Joe was not in Pip’s life, I am sure he would have turned out much like Laura. Joe loves Pip and genuinely cares for him, he is pure and shows many acts of kindness towards Pip, most of which Pip doesn’t acknowledge or notice. Towards the end of the novel Pip becomes extremely sick whilst in London. Joe finds out that Pip is sick, leaves his beloved town in the country and heads into London. This is a big task for Joe because as a ‘country mouse’ he does not belong in the city – he despises it, and vice versa. Joe then stays by Pip’s side for the many months it takes for Pip to recover. After Pip finally acknowldges Joe’s true love for him, Pip says â€Å"O Joe, you break my heart! Look angry at me, Joe. Strike me, Joe. Tell me of my ingratitude. Don’t be so good to me! Joe just hugs Pip because he is relieved that Pip has recovered. Joe is the most important character for Pip’s health, safety and wellbeing. Without Joe, Pip would be in prison with a sickness that only love could cure and a debt to his name that he would never be able to repay. Joe is his guardian angel. Estella and Miss Haversham, from the novel Great Expectations, are yet another dysfuncti onal family. The cause of this dysfunctional family is Miss Haversham’s desired revenge on the world because her husband-to-be left her at their wedding, breaking her heart. Miss Haversham adopted Estella as a young girl, not out of love, rather so she can could mould her into a cold-hearted witch like herself. Miss Haversham is rich and belongs to the upper middle class. Her house is a manor, and she is a well respected resident in Pip’s village. Miss Haversham invites Pip to her house a few times. Pip thinks she is his benefactor, the cause of his great expectations and the reason she asks him to go over. She really only invites him over to let Estella practice her cruel, cold-blooded personality on him. The first time Pip goes over to Miss Haversham’s, on her command, she gets him to play cards with Estella. Estalla doesn’t want to play with â€Å"a common labouring-boy! †, so Miss Haversham tempts her to play with him by saying â€Å"Well? You can break his heart. † Here we can see the effects of Miss Haversham’s cold, broken heart on Estella. Instead of wanting to make friends with Pip like a normal young girl, she wants to break his heart. This child would not have thought of this naturally, her mind has been trained to believe that in making peoples lives a living hell, you arouse a sense of satisfaction. Estella’s family has had a big impression on her values, morals and beliefs. â€Å"You are to wait here, you boy! †¦ the tears started to my eyes. †¦ the girl looked at me with a quick delight in having been the cause of them. † Estella makes Pip believe his clothes, hands and the way he speaks is peculiar and shameful. The family life Miss Haversham has made for Estella is not physically or mentally healthy for her. To add to this, Miss Haversham wears a mouldy bride dress, her house stinks of gone-off food and human body odour and it is dark and depressing. She doesn’t shower because she wears her wedding clothes year after year. This gives Estella a bad impression as her home life is not normal, her â€Å"mother† is deranged and loosing her mind. Miss Haversham does such a great job of teaching Estella to become a witch that Estella leaves her for good. This breaks Miss Haversham’s already broken heart and she kills herself. This doesn’t bother Estella – how inhumane! In both The Glass Menagerie and Great Expectations, the main characters have lost a loved one. Pip and Estella never knew their biological parents, Miss Haversham’s husband-to-be never showed up at their wedding, Joe loses Mrs Joe Gargery, Laura and Tom’s dad leaves them and Amanda’s husband leaves her with a crippled daughter and a son. Losing a loved one or someone who is a close relative adversely affects you. All of these characters are can be compared to one another because they all know what it feels like to lose a loved one and belong to a dysfunctional family. In each case, dysfunctional families affect the main characters. Tom leaves his family, Laura makes herself belong to a world of her own, Pip yearns for a justice that was always present and Estella follows the footsteps of a heartless witch. It is apparent that dysfunctional families can be the cause of losing a family member or one leaving. To me family is very important. Fortunately I have a functional family. We sometimes fight and argue, however it is always over issues that are forgotten and easily forgiven. I know that if a member of my family was to leave us it would definetly affect me. I am glad that every family member in my family is happy and healthy. In both of the texts, the main cause of a dysfunctional family is having lost a family member. This is true for some families I know. Lots of parents divorce and their kids are forever living in two houses. Sometimes it is for the better, as the kids don’t have to listen to the parents fighting. Sometimes it tears the kids hearts and they are too young to understand that their parents simply can’t be together anymore. The kids find a way into their own world, like Laura, or they take it out on others, like Estella, or they are blessed and in their reality is a Joe, who loves them and sees a way out for them to escape.

Say You’re One of Them

In many respects, the world’s attention has shied away from modern Africa in recent years, most likely due to the unsteady domestic situations in other parts of the world. Recently, however, the collection of stories written by Uwem Akpan, Say You’re One of Them, has brought back to the forefront all of the pain and challenge of life in Africa at the present time. The humanity that comes through the words not only tugs at the heartstrings of the reader, but also makes strong statements about cultural conflict, class struggles and other social phenomena. This research will not only discuss Akpan’s work, but also these intertwined issues within the work. Ultimately, the work will be better appreciated and understood, but also, modern issues will be brought to light. Discussion of the Various Issues of Cultural Conflict within the Story When the research was introduced, the point was made that Akpan’s work was not only deeply emotional, but also makes strong cultural statements. Taking that assertion a step further is possible when using specific examples from the work to identify and discuss the various aspects of cultural conflict to be found in the story. The first of the areas of cultural conflict which emerges in the work is the vast divide between the economic classes within modern Africa. An early story in the work tells of a young boy whose sister turns to street prostitution in order for him to be able to afford to attend school- a blatant attempt to escape the lower class and ascend in African society. So intense is this desire to advance that extreme measures are taken by poor Africans to make ends meet: â€Å"When Baby was born, we pawned three quarters of his clothes to defray debts† (Akpan, 2008, p. 13). Therefore, fellow Africans are in fact culturally divided along economic lines, despite hailing from the same homeland. Language is also a dividing factor in modern day Africa, or more specifically, the way that someone’s voice sounds not only could set them apart from others in a cultural context, but in fact could lead to bodily harm for those of one culture who encounter opposition from another, as seen in this excerpt from the work: â€Å"He was an easy target for the sporadic violence that seized the land†¦a simple thing like his accent could give him away† (Akpan, 2008, p. 93). This is an interesting element of cultural conflict in a highly diverse continent- it is a unique type of situation whereby someone who merely speaks in a different way than others could in fact set them apart and lead to fractured subcultures, but that is exactly what Akpan is portraying. Additionally, there is a subculture of violence that is prevalent in the Africa of today; to be m ore specific, much of Africa is ruled at the present by wealthy warlords, who essentially build their own armies and make their own rules for their own advancement. Basically, these individuals are using force to alienate and oppress their own fellow Africans, keeping the weak in a state of poverty and preventing them from possible improvements that would allow them to surpass their oppressors: â€Å"Our northern generals are responsible for the extreme poverty in the land† (Akpan, 2008, p. 314). Therefore, we see the establishment of a new culture of the powerful over that of the weak. This culture is likewise somewhat restrictive, as the penalty for trying to escape it would be brutality at best, and death at worst. Changes in the Culture in the Story In Say You’re One of Them, there are sweeping changes to African culture that can be seen when looking more closely at the points that are made in work; the culture is essentially shifting from one of proud traditions and an embracing of the diversity of the various nations of the continent to a more divided one, where differences in economic status, language and ability to fight back against those who have the power to destroy one another has taken precedence (Mwaria, et al, 2004). An important point needs to be made here- although what is happening in Africa according to Akpan is certainly distressing, it is not unique to Africa, nor is it limited to lands where opportunity is less than widely available. This can be pointed out with a look into other cultures where division is complicating matters at present. A Study of Other Cultures Like Africa, the United States is a melting pot of different cultures and also like Africa, has encountered its share of culture clash in recent years. This conflict has taken place in several diverse cultures and has divided people in several different ways. First, along lines of ethnicity, the US has seen a renewed level of awareness of the fundamental differences in human beings as a result of the horrific terrorist acts of September 11, 2001 on American soil. Because of this pivotal event, those wishing to immigrate to the US from other nations, whether legally or illegally, have met with opposition ranging from disdain to outrage and acts of unwarranted violence (Moser, 2000). It would seem that like Africa, the diversity of culture that made America such a unique place has been watered down in a flurry of prejudice, fear and false impressions about one ethnic group or another. Instead of introducing new cultures into the American landscape and then allowing them to assimilate into the prevailing American culture, people are being excluded from the opportunity to do so from the beginning, not only depriving them of opportunity, but also stifling the advancement of American society from within. Politically, Americans have also formed subcultures that of late have been in a great deal of conflict. Recent years have seen differences in political mindset become key issues that instead of bringing these individuals together for the sake of healthy debate, have in many cases divided individuals to the detriment of the political process (Shogan, 2002). From time to time, this difference has also turned volatile in more than one instance as wars of words sometimes turn into acts of violence. Lastly, class envy is also alive and well in America, creating cultural conflicts, especially given the current dire economic climate in the world. Tied closely to the political issues of the nation, economically diverse people are commonly divided by a lack of understanding of each other’s culture- a culture defined by money and privilege or the absence thereof. Overall Analysis of the Reading Akpan’s book opened the eyes of the researcher in many ways, not the least of which was in terms of gaining an understanding that cultural differences can either create a wonderful blend of different traditions and ideas or can divide people and lead them to destroy others. This realization evoked in the researcher the feeling that diversity must be embraced, lest its power consume and destroy one culture at the hands of another. Conclusion The research has made important points about culture, diversity, and the perpetual change of the human condition. In conclusion, perhaps the best point to take away from the research is the fact that without a tolerance at least and embracing at best of diversity, no one can truly be free.

Free Essays on The Chimney Sweeper

as well can represent the demands that are put upon him. Before the word weep there is a single quotation in front of each W, which could represent the letter S. This would then turn the word weep into sweep and since the word is repeated it could represent the demands and pressures that are put upon this you... Free Essays on The Chimney Sweeper Free Essays on The Chimney Sweeper William Blake’s The Chimney Sweeper is a striking representation of life in England in the late 1700s. The main theme of this poem is lost childhood innocence. This poem deals with the abusive treatment of children when they were sold by their parents to work in dangerous conditions as chimney sweepers . This poem reflects the author’s views on England’s lack of compassion, all while displaying a tone of religious relief to children put into these awful circumstances. Blake uses many literary elements including the explanation of thematic issues, visual and rhythmic structure, sound devices, and figures of speech to help the reader develop a clear understanding of The Chimney Sweeper. The Chimney Sweeper is a narrative poem that tells the story of young Tom Dacre. There is no defined setting to this poem. The speaker is a coworker of Tom’s who takes care of him, and is also young enough to be in the same position as him . The story explains that Tom’s mother died and his father sold him to become a chimney sweeper at a very young age. The speaker narrates to the reader Tom’s story while being a friend to Tom, comforting him when he is down. The poem mainly focuses on one night where Tom has a dream. In his dream, Tom sees an Angel who gives joyous freedom to all of the chimney sweepers. Then the Angel explains to Tom that he should do his job and he will always have God as his father; he will always have Heaven to look forward to. His interactions with God and the Angel sadly help Tom realize that he may never experience true joy, he must just anticipate it until his afterlife. The main visual structure of The Chimney Sweeper is the strophic arrangement of the poem. The stanzas are arranged in six sections each containing a quatrain. Line break patterns exist throughout the poem for grammatical help and visual use. The first four stanzas do not include an end stop until the final lines, each line just cont... Free Essays on The Chimney Sweeper William Blake’s, The Chimney Sweeper, focuses on the thoughts and feelings of a young orphan having to deal with the pressures of losing their parents and being forced to take part in child labor in order to live. The poet uses images and metaphors in order to show the child’s views on how and why his life has changed. Different structures and meanings are the result of these images and metaphors. The poet stresses on how young the child is, through the structure of the poem in order to suggest how wrong the pressures of child labor are. The structure of this poem helps the reader understand where the poem is coming from, the eye’s of a child. This structure is shown through the way in which the poem is written. The poem is written in very simple wordings and as well in simple stanzas. This structure helps the reader see that the poem is about a young child who speaks in a very simple language. The simple words and terms used through out the poem stress the child’s intellectual capability, which focuses our attention on the fact that this is just a child having to deal with so much pressure and pain. The poem is written using two rhyming couplets in the first stanza and then in the remaining stanzas there are alternating rhyming lines. As well this poem is written in iambic pentameter, except in the second line when it says â€Å"Crying â€Å"’weep, ’weep.†Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬  (2). The words ’weep, ’weep are to be stressed because these two words are a very strong point within this poem. The words not only represent the weeps that this young child cries from the pain and hurt that is being caused to him, but the words as well can represent the demands that are put upon him. Before the word weep there is a single quotation in front of each W, which could represent the letter S. This would then turn the word weep into sweep and since the word is repeated it could represent the demands and pressures that are put upon this you...

Changes In Concepts Of Childhood 19th Century Sociology Essay

Changes In Concepts Of Childhood 19th Century Sociology Essay Discuss how childhood has changed since the 19th century. How do concepts from this period continue to influence current attitudes to childhood? Childhood, the early years of a person’s life, between birth to about 8 years, is also considered most beautiful, most meaningful and most important part of life for a human being. The importance of childhood can be understood by observing the fact that though many scientists have different theories to define the process of human development they all agree on the importance of childhood and experiences in that time having a profound affect on an individual’s life. Many researches have been made on the process of human development and tough there are many proposed theories the actual difference between them is about how complex the relation really is between the stages and not what the stages really are. The differences are intrinsic not extrinsic. They all agree that childhood is a time when a person is moving from concrete to abstract thought. Man did learn sciences such as astrology, numerology, mathematics etc but the concept of schooling was deficient. People only knew as much as was required to trade and earn a living. A study conducted on child development concluded that in the year 1750 about 33 percent of infants and new born babies were left on doorsteps or social care homes by parents.(Malcolm Watson) Poor children were also made to work in land mines and other industries by their parents to earn a living. Efforts to eradicate child labor have been made over centuries by the responsible government bodies in different countries and social welfare organizations in the world. But it seems that despite the changing perceptions towards childhood, statistical data proves otherwise. The commencement of specific child development theories and acknowledgment of these theories only date back to some 200 years ago, in the 17th and 18th century. An acclaimed name, in this regard is of Professor Malcolm W. Watson. He researched on Human Development and formed theories that are still studied and followed. Results of his findings emphasized on six major theories by different people in different times. These theories focus on different stages man goes through from infancy to adulthood. Details of how environment and other factors affect childhood are also underscored. The theories encompass effects and behavioral changes in man and what we opine about our own selves, be it scientists, researchers or a common man. Psychodynamic theory-Sigmund Freud(Mack Lemouse from healthguidance.org): This theory says that human psychology can be broken down in to three separate parts. These are namely â€Å"the id, the ego and the superego†. Id is the childish part of our personality and its driving force is food, warmth and appreciation and the sexual drive. This side of every being is then balanced by the other two parts i.e. ego and superego. The superego is contradictory to id. It is that pa rt of human personality which enables us to control one self. Through this one acts in a socially acceptable manner. The ego is some where in the middle of these two extremes. Most of our troubles arise from balancing between the id and the superego.